In the late 1800s/early 1900s, there was a desperate need for researchers to develop medications that could kill bacteria. Pneumonia and diarrhea (conditions that seem quite easy to treat today) were killing people left and right. After years of experiments and studies, manufacturers began mass-producing an antibiotic called penicillin in 1944, a medication that they called the “wonder drug”. 

Antibiotics can clear a vast assortment of bacterial infections, ease symptoms, speed up the recovery process, prevent the spread of ailments from one individual to another, etc. It really is no surprise that physicians were thrilled about this medication and began widely prescribing it even if it wasn’t entirely necessary.

Dangers of the “Wonder Drug”

Despite all of the incredibly healing properties of antibiotics, there is also a lot of damage that they can do as well. For instance, in our bodies, the microbiome in the gut is vital to the food digestion process, breaking down toxic chemicals in the body, and assisting with the regulation of the immune system. When a person consumes antibiotics, however, the gut microbiome can be heavily disrupted, which leads to the over- or underproduction of certain chemicals that are an integral part of the immune system. This imbalance can be quite dangerous, and can actually lead to the development of various cancers. 

Study Linking Antibiotic Use to CRC

In 2022, researchers wanted to see if there was a specific link to antibiotic usage (particularly among younger individuals) and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Using census data between the years 2000 to 2011, scientists analyzed 7,903 Scottish individuals who had an official CRC diagnosis, and split them into two comparative groups: 

  • 445 early onset individuals (those who had received a diagnosis at under 50 years) 
  • 7,458 regular onset individuals (those who had received a diagnosis at over 50 years)

While comparing both groups, researchers separately analyzed antibiotic usage to see if there was a positive relationship between increased antibiotic usage and CRC development. 

And what did they find?

Antibiotic usage was associated with an estimated 49% higher risk of CRC in the early onset group compared to a 9% higher risk in the regular onset group. However, a statistically-significant link was not confirmed between the two variables, meaning that a causal relationship cannot be established between antibiotic use and development of CRC. 

Though researchers cannot explicitly define antibiotics as being contributors to CRC or other cancers, there is a link between the two. In terms of moving forward, more research must be conducted on this specific relationship, though researchers and physicians recommend the usual: healthy lifestyle choices to prevent CRC, regardless of antibiotic usage. 

 

Parker Lynch is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

At the beginning of the year the American Cancer Society released the Cancer statistics for the year 2024 in its journal and the numbers are quite intriguing. 

Here are some key statistics:2,001,140 new cancer cases and 611,720 cancer deaths are projected in the U.S. in 2024.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is projected to have 152,810 new cases in the U.S. (106,590 new cases of colon cancer and 46,220 new cases of rectal cancer).

In 2024, CRC is projected to be the third leading cause of cancer-related death in men and the fourth leading cause in women. Lung cancer is projected to be the overall leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S in 2024. However, CRC is projected to be the leading cause of deaths from digestive system cancer in the U.S in 2024, with 53,010 projected deaths.

 

Much has been achieved in the past, however a lot more needs to be done in raising awareness about cancer and ensuring access to care for everyone irrespective of race, gender or socio-economic status.

 

Emmanuel Olaniyan is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

Breathe out into an airtight bag and take a whiff. How unpleasant is the odor? Now, consider this: what if the intensity of your breath’s scent could indicate your likelihood of developing colorectal cancer (CRC)? 

Bad breath, or halitosis, is a fairly common problem. The root cause of bad breath could be poor oral hygiene, certain foods, smoking, or underlying health conditions such as gum disease or dry mouth. It could also be an indicator of diseases such as diabetes. A study conducted in South Korea has discovered a potential connection between oral health and colorectal adenoma. Colorectal adenoma is a non-malignant growth that develops on the inner lining of the colon or rectum and is a significant risk factor for CRC. This finding is supported by other studies that have established a correlation between oral health and gastrointestinal disorders.

How Was the Study Done?

The cross-sectional study involved 42,871 eligible patients. The median age of the participants was 39 years, with a majority (70.4%) being men. In the sample population, adenoma was found in 12% of cases. Factors associated with a higher risk of adenoma included:

  • BMI of 25.0 kg/m2 or more 
  • Periodontitis (gum disease)
  • Moderate alcohol intake 
  • Heavy alcohol intake 
  • Tooth loss

Being male or a former or current smoker, having an alcohol intake above a moderate level, and experiencing periodontitis and tooth loss all increase the risk of colorectal adenoma. Any form of gum disease is a leading cause of bad breath.

Your breath has a lot to say about your health. By paying attention to the quality of your breath and any changes you notice, you can potentially catch early signs of certain health conditions. It is important to listen to what your breath is telling you. Now, take another deep breath and exhale into an airtight bag. Take a sniff and decide whether you should schedule an appointment with your dentist or your gastroenterologist.

 

Emmanuel Olaniyan is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

Picture credit: Bruno from Pixabay.

By Anna Payne

Thank you to the Cystic Fibrosis Research Institute for letting us share this blog with our audience!

Last year, at the age of 34, I was living in a place of hope. I was thriving on Trikafta, working full time, serving as elected Supervisor for Middletown Township in Bucks County Pennsylvania, and acting as Vice-Chair of the Pennsylvania Rare Disease Advisory Council. For the first time in a long time, I had hope for a future of a “healthy” life. I had big dreams and a lot of things I wanted to accomplish. But then I found a mass in my groin, and after a long, painful and circuitous diagnostic journey, that included numerous invasive tests and long waits between them, I received the news no one wants to hear. “You have Stage 4 colon cancer.”

Known as the “silent cancer,” colorectal cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S. among the general population. Those with cystic fibrosis have a significantly higher risk of colon cancer than the general population. For those with CF who have not had a transplant, their risk of colon cancer is five to ten times higher, while individuals with CF post-lung transplant have twenty times the risk as the general population.

What makes us especially vulnerable is that colon cancer symptoms can and often do mimic issues that we CF survivors experience daily. More research is needed to determine exactly why we’re at such elevated risk for the disease, but it’s believed to be linked to a mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene.

The most effective tool for preventing this silent disease is a colonoscopy. Colon cancer always starts in the form of polyps, which if found early can be removed prior to becoming malignant. Colonoscopies are recommended for the general population at 45, yet despite our highly elevated risk, the current recommendation for a first screening colonoscopy for a person with CF is 40. That’s too late and must change. Screenings can prevent about 60 percent of colorectal cancer deaths.

I was 34 years old when diagnosed; I had few symptoms and no known family history. Colon cancer grows slowly, and it’s possible it’s been in me for years. I initially sensed that something was wrong when I had minor digestive issues. They persisted, but I second-guessed myself. Then I found a mass in my groin about the size of a dime.

After an inconclusive ultrasound, and while waiting for an appointment with a general surgeon, the lump grew to the size of a walnut. I went to my CF team for help. They found a bowel blockage, a common condition for those with cystic fibrosis known as Distal Intestinal Obstruction Syndrome, or DIOS. We hoped a colon cleanse would clear the blockage, but deep down I knew it was something more serious.

After a CAT scan and a biopsy of the groin mass, came the bad news. Cancer. I burst into tears. A PET scan then revealed the cancer had spread to other organs, including my ovaries, liver – which had 14 lesions – and lymph nodes.

After thriving on modulators, I have been transformed by cancer back into that sick, little vulnerable girl with CF who spent many nights curled up in a hospital bed, unsure of her future. I am now undergoing aggressive chemotherapy, requiring me to be outfitted with a take-home pump. Five times a week, I’m hooked up to an IV pole at home, on fluids to help me re-hydrate. Chemotherapy leaves me fatigued and immunocompromised, susceptible to infections and viruses that can be deadly.

Naturally, that’s required me to adjust my social life, relying on a network of friends. Work has taken a backseat to the battle at hand, but my supportive employer allows me to work remotely — as much as I’m able. My wonderful colleagues have carried the load in my absence. I miss them. I’ve even come to miss the 45-minute commute to my office with a stop to get a hot tea at Dunkin’.

Simple joys like eating — which most of us take for granted — are now a chore. I eat for calories, not pleasure. My diet changed drastically, and I no longer enjoy foods I’d grown up eating, such as macaroni and cheese and steak. If you looked in my cabinets now, you’d mainly find massive amounts of Fruit Loops and Apple Jacks.

I was shocked when my platinum blonde hair – with blue streaks – fell out in clumps. Losing hair is traumatic – it’s about body image, one’s sense of self, and feeling normal. Many have told me not to worry, that it will grow back, but I have no idea how long I will be on chemo, and whether that is true. While I have multiple wigs that allow me to feel like a different superstar each day, and a wide array of knitted hats, I often scrap these so I can emulate my idol, the Rock.

As a little girl, I spent a lot of time inpatient at St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children in Philadelphia. Watching the Rock on the weekly Smackdown was a great escape. Amazingly, the Rock learned about my diagnosis and sent me a heartfelt video wishing me luck in my fight. It’s been viewed millions of times on his Instagram page, and has allowed me to feel less isolated, with a virtual connection to countless people who channel their positivity toward me.

Prior to my diagnosis with colon cancer, I planned to travel across the globe. I wanted to hold a koala bear in Australia and visit Costa Rica. I planned to run for higher elected office. I had hopes and dreams that have been put on pause. I live in a world of uncertainty. Once again, I am learning to be comfortable living in the uncomfortable.

As science improves and evolves, so should our thinking. Cancer screenings must become a normal routine for cystic fibrosis adults, and the sooner the better. My hope is that the recommended age for a first colonoscopy will be lowered to 25 years for those with CF.

But you don’t have to wait for that to happen. If you have symptoms, don’t write them off as the usual CF GI issues. Go and get screened. You may end up saving your own life.

 

Image credit: David Sánchez-Medina Calderón from Pixabay

By Laiba Ahmad

Once upon a time, in a community served by a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) clinic, a group of researchers embarked on a mission to enhance colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among a unique demographic—those aged 45 to 49. Using the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force screening recommendations as their guiding light, the researchers started their journey of measuring the impact of a mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) intervention.

The journey began in February 2022 when 316 eligible individuals in this age group received a mysterious package in the mail—a FIT, the key to unlocking early detection of CRC. This diverse group included 57% females, 58% non-Hispanic Blacks, and 50% commercially insured individuals. The researchers eagerly awaited the outcome of their intervention.

A Surprise Finding

The randomized trial discovered the difference between an improved mailing envelope and a plain one. The enhanced envelope, with a tracking label and a splash of colored messaging stickers, aimed to captivate the recipients.

As the days unfolded, the results emerged. A total of 54 out of 316 individuals (17.1%) observed the call, completing the FIT within 60 days. The enhanced envelope wielded a stronger enchantment, with 21.5% of recipients returning the test, compared to 12.7% from the plain envelope group—a significant difference of 8.9%. The researchers extended their gaze to the entire clinic population in the 45-49 age group, observing the collective transformation in CRC screening over the span of six months. The clinic-level screening soared, rising by a remarkable 16.6%, from a baseline of 26.7% to a triumphant 43.3%. 

A New Strategy to Increase Screening Compliance 

As the researchers concluded their quest, they discovered a promising path forward. The mailed FIT intervention had cast a spell of increased CRC screening among the vibrant 45-49-year-old FQHC patients. They recognized that this was just the beginning of the story. Larger studies would be needed to unravel the mysteries of acceptability and completion rates in this younger population. 

The story of enhanced mailers and CRC screening echoed through the halls of healthcare, reminding all that visually appealing enchantments can indeed pave the way for a healthier tomorrow.

Laiba Ahmad is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

Regular screening, surveillance, and high-quality therapy can help prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. However, a lot of people put off being tested for a variety of reasons, including:

  • Hearing from others that the test could be challenging or uncomfortable and that talking to their doctor about CRC or handling feces could be embarrassing
  • In the absence of a family history of CRC, they believe they are not at risk and don’t need to be screened
  • Cost of getting tested
  • The complexity associated with screening, which could include out-of-pocket costs, taking time off work, and transportation to the clinic 

Here’s information on the different types of screening options for CRC.

Blood Tests Are Emerging as a Potential Screening Option

While legitimate, these concerns have over time created obstacles to CRC detection at an early stage, when the cancer is easier to treat. But, alternative options are being developed that do not require handling stool samples or undergoing a colonoscopy (which may need time off from work), such as blood-based testing

A study that was recently presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Gastroenterology, found that patients who were given the option to undergo a blood-based CRC screening test were more than twice as likely to finish the screening process than those who were given the stool-based option.

Of the 1,927 eligible study participants, 924 were assigned to the blood draw group and 1,003 to the stool-based testing group. More than 50% of participants in the blood-draw group made an appointment with the research team after they were contacted by phone. After three months, CRC screening was 19.4% higher in the blood-test group than the stool test group (32.4% vs. 13.0%). 

Traditional CRC Screening Options

Traditionally, the following screening options have been use for those with an average risk of CRC (meaning no family history of polyps of CRC or personal history of polyps or CRC):

  • Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) test is performed annually
  • FIT-DNA test is performed every three years
  • Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) is performed annually to screen for CRC
  • Colonoscopy is performed once in ten years

The FIT and gFOBT tests are at home and require a small bit of stool sample to be collected with a stick or brush and sent to a laboratory for testing. On the other hand, a whole bowel movement is taken for the FIT-DNA test and sent to the lab to be examined for altered DNA and the presence of blood. 

A colonoscopy is a little more complicated in that it requires some preparation the previous day and anesthesia during the procedure.  

On the contrary, extracting blood may be less painful, awkward, or time-consuming. Blood-based tests for CRC can have several benefits and lower testing barriers. Nevertheless, patients need to be properly informed of their options, and more research is required to gauge the extent to which blood tests for CRC are effective and comparable to other screening options in detecting cancer.

 

Emmanuel Olaniyan is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

 

As the year draws to an end, people often make resolutions related to their money, health, spirituality, and overall personal development for the upcoming year. However, the kitchen is a crucial area that one might want to consider when making New Year resolutions. Yes, you read correctly—the kitchen. Research has indicated that cookware may increase the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). 

Microplastics Increase the Risk of CRC

Microplastics (which result from the breakdown of plastics), for example, have been shown to cause physiological changes in the gut that can increase the risk of CRC, especially in those under 50. Several research studies have shown that microplastics can reduce the thickness of the mucus lining in our intestine, thereby reducing its barrier function. This could increase access of pathogenic bacteria and toxins to the inner layer of the colonic mucus, potentially increasing the risk of CRC. Interestingly, the authors point out an association between the time when plastic use infiltrated our daily lives, and the risk of CRC.

In the U.S., adults have been estimated to ingest between 39,000 and 52,000 particles of microplastics annually, and an additional 90,000 particles if they drink bottled water. 

While plastics are biochemically inert, plasticizers used in their processing may be the source of the biological impact. Their resilience and stability has led to the environmental accumulation of plastics across our planet and they are now a part of the human food chain. 

Risk from Non-stick Coatings on Pots and Pans

Another study has found an association between CRC risk and a chemical called perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in a specific population in New Hampshire. What is PFOA, you ask? Informally called a “forever chemical”, PFOAs were—and maybe continue to be—used in certain cookware, particularly non-stick pots. Safe cookware includes titanium, enamel iron cast, clay, glassware, and non-stick pots with the word “no PFOA”  indicated on them. Aluminum cookware, however, is just as unsafe as non-stick pots containing PFOA. However, research in an Appalachian population has found an inverse relation between PGOA and CRC development. Additional studies will be needed to ascertain the relation between these chemicals and CRC development.

These studies confirm some of the health risks associated with our daily exposure to certain environmental factors.

 

Emmanuel Olaniyan is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

Photo credit: S’well on Unsplash

By the ASCENDS team, University of Alabama at Birmingham

In the dynamic realm of cancer treatment, one persistent challenge demands our attention: the accessibility of care is far from straightforward.

Factors such as geographical location, income, employment status, and demographics can significantly influence the quality of care received. It’s high time we reshape this narrative, particularly for those colon cancer patients who face barriers to optimal cancer care.

And here’s the exciting part – you can be a driving force behind this transformation by simply sharing your story.

ASCENDS, an acronym for Advancing Surgical Care and Equity in the Deep South, is an initiative designed to revolutionize cancer care, especially for individuals in rural and minority communities who live in the states of Mississippi and Alabama.

ASCENDS is led by Dr. Maria Pisu and Dr. Daniel Chu, is funded by the National Institutes of Health, and is based at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

How Can You Participate?

If you reside, or were treated, in the states of Mississippi or Alabama, we invite you to share your name and contact information. A member of the ASCENDS team will reach out to you for a one-time phone survey. And if you weren’t treated in these states but know someone who was, please consider sharing this opportunity!

ASCENDS is eager to hear about your experiences, triumphs, and even the challenges you’ve encountered. Why?

Because your voice can stir conversations, instigate change, and construct bridges within the landscape of cancer care. Your stories can influence policies, shape healthcare practices, and bridge long-standing gaps in the delivery of care.

 

There is also a little extra incentive – participants in the survey will be compensated for their time!

While the results of the study will drive the direction of the implementation, your results will be compiled into a plan of care recommendation that will be shared with healthcare providers in the deep South. Participants will be able to receive the study results once they are compiled. All personal information will be excluded.

Curious to Learn More?

Visit our website or connect with us on Facebook. Let’s work together to make a lasting impact on the world of cancer care!

 

This was an invited commentary from the ASCENDS team at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.

Photo credit: Tumisu on Pixabay.

By Parker Lynch

There are several known risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC): genetic predisposition, age, poor diet, lack of regular physical activity, high alcohol consumption, etc. Recent research is further indicating that other health conditions could also influence an individual’s risk for developing CRC. One such condition is type 2 diabetes, was previously discussed by Emma Edwards (an intern colleague at the Colon Cancer Foundation) in a previous blogpost.

Someone with type 2 diabetes typically has hyperinsulinemia, meaning that they have too much insulin in their blood. Research shows that these higher levels of insulin and sugar in one’s body creates an environment in which CRC can develop more readily. Additionally, higher levels of sugar in the bloodstream typically contributes to more inflammation, which also increases CRC risk. The two factors together mean that someone with type 2 diabetes has a 27% greater chance of developing CRC. 

Severity and Oncological Outcomes

Knowing that there is a link between diabetes and CRC, researchers wanted to specifically hone in on patients with both conditions to understand whether severe diabetes has an impact on CRC survival. 

In a Taiwanese study published in October 2023, data from the country’s Cancer Registry Database was retrospectively analyzed for the period between 2007 and 2015. The 59,202 patients included in this study had diabetes and had undergone curative radical resection for their CRC (stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ), meaning that they had surgery to completely remove their cancerous tumors. The study split the population into three groups: 

  • CRC patients with diabetic complications
  •  CRC patients without diabetic complications
  • CRC patients without diabetes

After conducting the retrospective research, it was found that those with uncomplicated diabetes had an insignificantly worse CRC survival (better survival rates), whereas those with complicated diabetes had a significantly higher risk of poor survival. Women with diabetes, in particular, suffer from more negative CRC outcomes than their male counterparts. These findings indicate that patients who don’t experience diabetic complications will have better CRC outcomes in terms of survival.

One Step At a Time

Managing diabetes alone is a lot of work. Patients must constantly manage their diet, blood glucose levels, physical activity levels, etc. Dealing with CRC on top of diabetes seems impossible. However, patients are encouraged to take their afflictions one step at a time, with the support of their healthcare team by their side, composed of both oncology specialists and endocrinologists. 

Maintaining blood sugar levels and minimizing possible diabetic complications can have a positive impact on CRC outcomes. Though colon cancer and diabetes seem like vastly different conditions, they can go hand-in-hand and should be considered together when developing a treatment plan. 

 

Parker Lynch is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.

 

Photo credit: Towfiqu barbhuiya on Unsplash.

By Parker Lynch

We all know that exercise is healthy. However, the extent to which a patient with colon cancer could improve their prognosis through exercising is something that was previously unknown, and is still being researched. Authors of one such research study published their findings after analyzing how physical activity impacted individuals with Stage III colon cancer.

Does Exercise Improve Colon Cancer Outcomes?

In collaboration with the National Cancer Institute, two groups of patients with Stage III colon cancer (one of them being a placebo or control group) were randomly assigned to various community and academic centers throughout the U.S. and Canada to be evaluated during the duration of their treatment. Patients were then instructed to report the average weekly time that they spent exercising.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       

Each physical activity was assigned a specific metabolic equivalent (MET). The MET values were then multiplied by the hours that each patient reported spending each week, which were then categorized as:

  • <6 METs (light- to moderate-intensity physical activities) 
  • ≥6 METs (vigorous-intensity activities) 

Patients’ METs were evaluated throughout their chemotherapy treatments as well as six months after treatment completion. 

Here’s What They Found

During a median follow-up of 5.9 years, the study found the following relation between the status of a patient’s health and their corresponding physical activity levels: 

  • For light-intensity to moderate-intensity activities, the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 65.7% with 0.0 hour/wk
  • For vigorous-intensity activity, the 3-year DFS was 76.0% with 0.0 h/wk and 86.0% with ≥ 1.0 h/wk

These results strongly indicate that more frequent, high-intensity recreational activities can improve DFS.

Implications for Patients 

Nothing is ever directly causational, and there are never guarantees that one specific lifestyle change will influence treatment outcome. However, studies like this are vital because they provide information that could change one’s quality of life while going through cancer treatment. If a patient with colorectal cancer picks up running as a new hobby because of this study and it makes them feel better in their day-to-day life, then that is a real-world influence of research studies. 

 

Parker Lynch is a Colorectal Cancer Prevention Intern with the Colon Cancer Foundation.